The Neolithic stone raw-materials in Mid-western
Poland. An archeologico-petrographic study
Biblioteka "Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses", t. 5, Warszawa-Poznań 1980. Muzeum Archeologiczne w Poznaniu.
Summary
The present study originated as
an accomplishment of a joint archaeologico-petrographic research
program, that was formulated in the Stone Age Department of the
Archaeological Museum in Poznań in 1971 . The research was carried
out in 1971 - 1977 in cooperation with the Department of Geology
of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. A dominating position
in our previous .knowledge on the Neolithic raw-material economy
was held by the well recognized problem of the exploitation, distribution
and use of flint, while the identical questions concerning the
remaining stone raw-materials (mainly crystallic rocks) were so
far studied only marginally, although they involve the basic types
of tools and weapons of that epoch. The idea of the present study
is to fill up the purely archaeological data about Neolithic stone
implements by the identification of their raw-material, in order
to considerably increase their cognitive values.
The territory covered by our study
includes several physico-geographicaI regions of Mid-western Poland,
belonging to four macroregions: Great Polish (Wielkopolska) Lowland,
Chełmińskie-, East-, and South-Pomeranian Lake Districts. Chronologically,
the study considers the Neolithic epoch, from the origin of the
Danubian Cycle until the decline of the Corded Ware CuIture (Epi-Corded
Ware Groups), i.e. from ca 4500 until ca 1700. BC. The examined
set of stone implements includes 1557 specimens, 1480 (95.05 %)
of which are loose finds. Only 31 implements were discovered during
excavations and 46 pieces (2.95 %) belong to the homogenous inventories
gathered during surface surveys. Typologically, the series of
implements includes 10 categories: flat axes (493 specimens),
perforated axes (863), hoes (57), chisels (11), adzes (2), mace-heads
(25), hammers (28), hammeraxes (45), plugs (perforation outfalls;
3 pieces) and other implements of undetermined type (30).
Petrographic identifications of
the raw-material were determined macroscopically and subsequently
controlled by a series of 45 microscopic analyses, using the thin
slices method, as well as by 23 micrometric analyses. Results
obtained by the latter method made possible the highly precise
determinations of the type of rock which then served as a basis
for localization of rock quarries exploited in the Neolithic.
Chapter II sums up the effects of
application of petrographic methods in archaeological research
on the Neolithic stone industries. History of cooperation of both
disciplines in this field was outlined within a three-stage scheme
of its development: a) stage 1, purely descriptive (1863 - 1905),
b) stage 2, analytic (1905 - 1936), c) stage 3, characterized
by development of a set of archaeological and petrographic methods,
sometimes called as petroarchaeology, and of specialized institutions
and research centres (after 1936). The results of cooperation
of Polish archaeologists and petrographers in this respect were
presented on the European background, where the most important
achievements were reached by English, German and Czechoslovak
scholars.
Chapter III contains the archaeological
and petrographic classification of the examined set of implements.
The former includes the chrono-cultural provenience of the implements,
while the latter aims at the determination of the comparative
scale of petrographic identification, stating the grade of their
exactness as well as a construction of a list of stone raw-material
types used in the Neolithic of the Mid-western Poland. While the
uniform typological system for all Neolithic stone implements
from the studied region is still lacking, the respective schemes
from adjacent territories - Bohemia, Little Poland (Małopolska),
as well as Middle and North-western Germany - were used; some
fragmentary determinations formulated directly for Mid-western
Poland were also considered. A three-grade scale of exactness
of petrographic identifications includes: A - most general determinations
(within a type of rocks), B - within a group of rocks, C - most
exact - identifications of a single kind of rock or its variation.
The scale was included to the list of stone raw-materials.
The direct analysis of the set of
implements is carried out in chapter IV. On the basis of the series
of analytical tables (table 1 - 6), interrelations of several
chosen archaeological and petrographic features of all considered
implements, i.e. successively between the kind of raw-material
and: chrono-cultural position of the implement (table 1 and 2),
its general typological character (table 3 and 4) and - finally
- its geographical provenience (table 5 and 6) were examined.
Each of these aspects was analysed first in a detailed (table
1, 3, 5) and then in a general approach (table 2, 4, 6).
Analytical tables present numerous
interrelations in all of the three studied aspects. Lack of adequate
comparative materials from adjacent territories hinders so far
their broader interpretation. Furthermore, according to the accepted
methodic assumptions, a statistical verification of results reached
during analysis constitutes a necessary requirement of acquisition
of reliable conclusions. The verification enables to distinguish,
from among all registered quantitative interrelations between
particular features, a group of statistically significant (i.e.
not accidental) relations. Such verification, based upon two non-parametric
tests - x2 (chi-square) and Smirnov's - will be, together with
all its consequences for the examined problematics, a matter of
a separate study. Nevertheless one may already signal the most
important new data about Neolithic stone raw-material economy,
reached by the study.
Main result of the above mentioned
analysis is the ascertainment and the closer characteristics of
a raw-material differentiation in all three examined aspects.
The degree of this differentiation - higher in chrono-cultural
and typological than in geographical aspect - is limited by an
almost entire domination of six rocks: amphibolite, basalt, diabase,
gabbro, gneiss and leptite. Their widespread use resulted in a
considerable unification of a petrographic structure of the whole
set; therefore, most of the statistically proven differences is
only of a quantitative character. The present analysis constitutes
barely a reconnaissance of a so far unknown raw-material problematics
in a Neolithic stone industry. The research proceedings covered
only the most numerous ones from among previously distinguished
categories, so that the results refer only to the crucial features
of the described phenomena.
When studying the chrono-cultural
aspect of our series of implements, we noticed the presence of
clearly outlined trends in the development of intensity of use
of almost all popular stone raw-materials (basalt, gabbro, leptite
- gradual rise of share in accordance with time passage; gneiss
- fall of share). Several conclusions deal with the question whether
the choice of raw-material type depended in the Neolithic on a
type of the implement to be produced. In the group of implements
typical for the Danubian Cycle (Bandkerarmik, KCW) occured a qualitative
difference in the petrographic structure of perforated axes and
in Epi-Corded Ware group (N/Br) - a considerable quantitative
divergence between perforated axes and hammeraxes. In the latter
case, a technological factor seems to have decisive meaning; diorite,
which was never more often used in the production of perforated
axes, was designed here to the less complicated production of
hammeraxes (lack of perforation). The most outstanding differences
in a kind of raw-material show mace-heads and hammers, what can
be explained as a result of their functional distinctness in comparison
with splitting tools (flat and perforated axes, hoes, chisels,
adzes). One could also ascertain, that each of the chrono-cultural
groups distinguished above was using a different set of raw-materials
in order to produce the same type of implement. This phenomenon.was
fully documented according to the category which was especially
richly represented in the examined series, namely to the perforated
axes (table 4). A dominating influence of acultural factor was
revealed in this case. It outvoted other factors, particularly
the affect of the natural environment; all of the chrono-cultural
groups were developing in the same territory, hence they had,
at least theoretically, access to the similar raw-material resources.
According to the differentiation in the geographical aspect, the
most important fact for the further research is the disclosure
of a characteristic pattern of distribution of basalt implements
which gradually disperse northwards (see table 5 and 6 and maps
1 - 13).
One demarcated also the territory of the intensive use of Poznań
loam, limited to the South-western Great Poland (Wielkopolska;
see table 5 and 6 and maps 1 - 13).
Analitical tables:
Table 1. Raw-material structure of the Neolithic stone implements
from Mid-western Poland in chrono-cultural aspect (detailed approach).
Table 2. As above, general approach.
Table 3. Raw-material structure of the Neolithic stone implements
of respective chrono-cultural groups from Mid-western Poland in
typological aspect (detailed approach).
Table 4. As. above, general approach.
Table 5. Raw-material structure of the Neolithic stone implements
of respective chrono-cultural groups from Mid-western Poland in
geographical aspect (detailed approach).
Table 6. As above, general approach.
Table 7. A list of implements examined by the thin slice method.
Explanation to the maps:
Map 1. Distribution of flat axes of the Danubian Cycle in Mid-western
Poland with regard to their raw-material differentiation.1 - amphibolite,
2 - aplite, 3 - basalt, 4 - diabase, 5 - gabbro, 6 - gneiss, 7
- hornblende gneiss, 8 - granitoide, 9 - catalogue number of the
implement, 10 - loam, 11 - leptite, 12 - lydite, 13 - schist,
14 - nephrite, 15 - sandstone, 16 - serpentinite, 17 - other rocks,
18 - border of the examined area, 19 - region border.
Map 2. As above, perforated axes. 1 - amphibolite, 2 - basalt,
3 - diabase, 4 - diorite, 5 - gabbro, 6 - gneiss, 7 - hornblende
gneiss, 8 - granitoide, 9 - loam, 10 - leptite, 11 - lydite, 12
- schist, 13 - sandstone, 14 - serpentinite, 15 - other rock,
16 - catalogue number of the implement, 17 - border of the examined
area, 18 - region border.
Map 3. As above, hoes and other implements. 1 - amphibolite, 2
- basalt, 3 - diabase, 4 - gabbro, 5 - gneiss, 6 - -hornblende
gneiss, 7 - granitoide, 8 - leptite, 9 - lydite, 10 - schist,
11 - sandstone, 12 - other implements, 13 - catalogue number of
the implement, 14 - "other" implements, 15 - border of the examined
area, 16 - region border.
Map. 4. Distribution of flat axes of the Funnel Beaker Culture
in Mid-western Poland with regard to their raw-material differentiation.
1 -. amphibolite, 2 - basalt, 3 - diabase, 4 - gabbro, 5 - gneiss,6
- granitoide, 7 - loam, 8 - leptite, 9 - schist, 10 - melaphyre,
11 - sandstone, 12 - other rocks, 13 - catalogue number of the
implement, 14 - border of the examined area, 15 region border.
Map 5. As above, perforated axes. 1 - amphibolite, 2 - basalt,3
- diabase, 4 - diorite, 5 - gabro, 6 - gneiss, 7 - granitoide,8
- loam, 9 - leptite, 10 - schist, 11 - sandstone, 12 - porphyry,
13 - greenstone, 14 - other rocks, 15 - catalogue number of the
implement, 16 - border of the examined area, 17 - region border.
Map 6. Distribution of implements of the Globular Amphorae Culture
and of remaining implement types of the Funnel Beaker Culture
in Mid-western Poland with regard to their raw material differentiation.
1 - amphibolite, 2 - aplite, 3 - basalt, 4 - diabase, 5 - gabbro,
6 - gneiss, 7 - granitoide, 8 - loam, 9 - leptite, 10 - sandstone,
11 - other rocks, 12 - catalogue number of the implement, 13 -
implements of the Globular Amphorae Culture, 14 - border of the
examined area, 15 - region order.
Map 7. Distribution of perforated axes of the Corded Ware Culture
in Mid-western Poland. 1 - amphibolite, 2 - basalt, 3 - diabase,4
- diorite,5 - gabbro,6 - gneiss,7 - hornblende gneiss, 8 -granitoide,
9 - loam, 10 - leptite, 11 - schist, 12 - sandstone, 13 - serpentinite,
14 - greenstone, 15 - other rocks, 16 - catalogue number of the
implement, 17 - border of the examined area, 18 - region border.
Map 8. Distribution of perforated axes of the Epi-Corded Ware
Groups from the turn of the Neolitic and the Bronze Age in Mid-western
Poland with regard to their raw-material differentiation. 1 -
amphibolite, 2 - aplite,3 - basalt, 4 - diabase, 5 - gabbro, 6
- gneiss, 7 - loam, 8 - leptite, 9 - schist, 10 - serpentinite,
11 - other rocks, 12 - catalogue number of the implement, 13 -
border of the examined area, 14 - region border.
Map 9. As above, hammeraxes. 1 - amphibolite,2 - aplite,3 - basalt,
4 - diabase, 5.- diorite, 6 - gabbro, 7 - gneiss, 8 - granitoide,
9 - leptite, 10 - other rocks, 11 - catalogue number of the implement,
12 - border or the examined area, 13 - region border.
Map 10. As above, mace heads and other implement types. 1 - amphibolite,
2 - basalt, 3 - diabase, 4 - gabbro, 5 - gneiss, 6 - granitoide,
7 - loam, 8 - leptite, 9 - sandstone, 10 - other rocks, 11 - "other"
types or implements, 12 - catalogue number of the implement, 13
- border of the examined area, 14 - region border.
Map 11. Distribution or Neolithic flat axes or not determined
chrono-cultural status (group "?") in. Mid-western Poland with
regard to their raw-material differentiation. 1 - amphibolite,
2 - basalt, 3 - diabase, 4 - diorite, 5 - gabbro, 6 - gneiss,
7 - loam, 8 - leptite, 9 - lydite, 10 - schist, 11 - sandstone,
12 - porphyry, 13 - serpentinite, 14 - greenstone, 15 - other
rocks, 16 - catalogue number of the implement, 17 - border of
the examined area, 18 - region border.
Map 12. As above, perforated axes. 1 - amphibolite, 2 - basalt,
3 - diabase, 4 - diorite, 5 gabbro, 6 - gneiss, 7 - granitoide,
8 - loam, 9 - leptite, 10 - schist, 11 - sandstone, 12 - greenstone,
13 - other rocks, 14 - catalogue number of the implement, 15 -
border of the examined area, 16 - region border.
Map 13. As above, other implement types. 1 - amphibolite, 2 -
basalt, 3 - diabase, 4 - gabbro, 5 - gneiss, 6 - leptite, 7 -
lydite, 8 - schist, 9 - sandstone, 10 - other rocks, 11 - catalogue
number of the implement, 12 - border of the examined area, 13
- region border.
Map 14. Neolithic stone implements from Mid-western Poland, examined
by the thin slice method. 1 - amphibolite, 2 - basalt,3 - diabase,
4 - hornblende gneiss, 5 - schist,6 - serpentinite, 7 - other
rocks
Translated by Andrzej Prinke
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