Pawel PawlakEarly Medieval inhumation cemetery at Sródka in PoznanSummary The site was discovered in 1994 during the laying of a water-main, it lies near the river, just opposite the early medieval "urban" centre of Poznan. Investigations were continued in 1996-7, so far 168 graves forming several layers have been found. As a result of the length of use of the cemetery, about half of the skeletal material comes from "residual" contexts. The undisturbed graves have a varied orientation . Most of the dead had their heads to the west, though 25% had an eastern orientation. A few examples were oriented north-south. Although there is a tendency for females to have their heads to the west, there seems not to have been a firm relationship between sex and grave orientation. This applies to adults and children. The bodies were placed in the grave in an extended position, with their arms by their sides. There are however a few exceptions, some burials were placed on their sides, with the legs bent, in one case the body lay face-down. The grave-pits were sub-rectangular or oval in plan. A feature which differentiates the cemetery is the degree of preservation and variety of the wooden structures in the grave pits. There are four main types: single boards, shuttering, dug-outs and coffins, among the latter graves 66 and 67 are of interest; here the bodies were placed in two coffins which shared a common lid. In all cases the wood used was pine. Individual elements of the coffins were probably joined with wooden pegs, or jointing. The few nails found were not used to join the wood and were presumably symbolic (see SOS 1960, 244). Not all of the burials were coffined, and the bodies were probably covered by shrouds etc. In several cases evidence was found of stones being used to cover the body. Sometimes a single stone was placed in the grave-fill above the head, pelvis or feet of the body. In one case an upper quern stone was placed on edge above the head of one body. This had a symbolic significance, but also a practical function, protecting the body from a fire built by the side of the grave. The graves contained grave goods, in the form of ornaments and everyday objects. The most numerous were small (up to 20mm diameter) temple-rings made of silver or bronze wire (31 examples). These objects were worn over the temples by women on headbands. These objects date from the second half of the tenth century to the beginning of the thirteenth, but were most common in the eleventh and twelfth centuries (H. Kocka-Krenz 1993, 56). The other ornaments include two rectangular kaptorgas (small caskets worn at the neck) which were found in grave 7. One of them bore faint traces of vertical ribbed decoration. These had small rectangular capsules of bronze sheet inside which contained in one case seeds of millet and in the other setaria italica. These seeds were presumably some form of charm, though other examples seem to have contained relics (Stattler 1996, 240: Kihl-Byczko 1970, 424). Also found were four beads of amber, cowrie shell, glass and ceramic. There were also two finger rings or bronze wire. One coin was found which can be used as a chronological indicator. It is a sachsenpfennig of the last quarter of the eleventh century. Among the everyday objects there are two wheelmade ceramic vessels with grooving round the body, remains of two wooden vessels with three iron bands (one with traces of yew wood preserved) , a dozen or so iron knives, two whetstones, a clay spindlewhorl, an iron hook and many fragments of pottery, and animal remains (including fish remains). The pottery vessels and buckets were found near the feet, one of the pots is a "grave" pot characterised by its small size (J. G±ssowski 1952, 161 ff; J. Marciniak 1960, 167; H. Zoll-Adamikowa 1971, 111 ff). The pottery is typical for phase E1 of the Early Medieval pottery sequence of the area (W. Dzieduszycki 1982, 111) and dates to 1050-1100. Both wooden buckets and pottery vessels are common finds in cemeteries from the end of the tenth to the end of the twelfth centuries. An interesting characteristic of the Sródka cemetery is the existence of seven contemporary hearths situated within the cemetery area. In two cases they occurred within the grave pit, in another above three bodies buried on the same spot in three different stratigraphic levels of the site. The fire was either burnt in the grave-pit before the body was inserted, or just afterwards. In other cases the fire may have been lit at an appointed time to honour the deceased. Some of the hearths had several layers of stone in them, and had clearly been used several times. In some cases charcoal was found in the graves, and some of the wooden elements of the grave construction had been burnt. This seems to have been a relict of a ritual intended to purify the grave. There seem to be zones within the cemetery containing graves of similar characteristics, in one area the graves were mainly of children and the adults buried in the area had clear physical deformities. The graves in this area are shallow and lack wooden constructions and a general lack of grave goods. Possibly the cemetery was divided into areas containing burials of persons of similar social and/or economic status. The cemetery may be dated to the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries to the middle of the twelfth century. There seem several reasons to associate the cemetery with the stronghold-cathedral complex at Ostrów Tumski: - a concentration of graves in a small area, similar to a churchyard or one created under the influence of an ecclesiastical foundation, - proximity to Ostrów Tumski, - the lack of a contemporary centre with a large population and biologically-stable population, - the degree of organisation visible in the burials, for example the presence of wooden coffins. This cemetery is one of the key sites which allow the study of the palaeodemography of the inhabitants of the Poznan stronghold, this is especially valuable due to the role that this centre played in the period of functioning of the cemetery. |